Plant Viruses Online   

Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database

Apple chlorotic leaf spot trichovirus

Index

• Nomenclature
• Host range, transmission and symptoms
• Physical and biochemical properties
• Taxonomy and relationships
• Comments and References

Data collated by R.M. Lister, 1987.

Nomenclature

Synonyms

pear ring pattern mosaic virus (Cropley, 1969), apple latent virus type 1, plum pseudopox virus, quince stunt virus.

Acronym

ACLSV

Strains

peach strain, apple strain, (Chairez and Lister; 1973).

ICTV decimal code

76.0.1.0.001

Host range and symptoms

Natural host range and symptoms

Symptoms vary seasonally.
• Malus platycarpa - line patterns and chlorotic rings.
• Malus sylvestris cv. R12740-7A - chlorotic leaf spots and stem pitting.
• Malus sylvestris cv. Spy - chlorotic spots and stem pitting, chlorosis and stunting.
• Malus sylvestris cv. Virginia Crab - stem pitting.
• Cydonia oblonga (Quince) C7/1 - chlorotic rings and spots.
• Pyronia veitchii - chlorosis and stunting.
• Pyrus communis - ring patterns, mosaic.
• Crataegus spp. - chlorotic ring spots.
• Prunus armeniaca - ring patterns, mosaic.
• Prunus spinosa - chlorotic ringspot patterns.
• Prunus persica - dark green mottle.
• Prunus domestica - bark split and pseudopox.
• Prunus armeniaca - stock scion incompatibility and pseudopox (Bar-Joseph et al., 1979; Cropley, 1968; Cropley, 1969; Dunez et al., 1972; Lister and Bar-Joseph, 1981; Luckwill and Campbell, 1963; Marenaud, 1968; Pena-Iglesias and Gonsalves, 1975; Posnette and Ellenberger, 1957; Yanase, 1974; Yanase et al., 1975).

Transmission

Transmitted by eudorylamoid nematodes (Fritzsche and Kegler, 1968); an unconfirmed report. Virus transmitted by mechanical inoculation; transmitted by grafting (possibly by root-grafts; Gilmer et al., 1971); not transmitted by seed.

Ecology and control

Studies reported by Bar-Joseph et al. (1979); Lister and Bar-Joseph (1981).

Geographical distribution

Probably distributed worldwide (and probably wherever apples are cultivated). Spreads in the Eastern Asian region, the Eurasian region, the North American region, and the Pacific region; Australia, China, and New Zealand.

Experimental host range

Several (3-9) families susceptible.

Diagnostically susceptible host species and symptoms

• Malus sylvestris cv. R12740-7A - asymmetric blotches and malformation of young leaves.
• M. platycarpa (Long Ashton clone) - irregular chlorotic rings and line patterns, small leaves shed prematurely, malformation.
• Chenopodium quinoa - large etched local lesions, becoming necrotic, systemic chlorotic spotting, mottling, ring and line patterns, chlorosis and necrosis.
• C. amaranticolor - chlorotic local lesions, surrounded by necrotic dots.
• Phaseolus vulgaris cvs Pinto, Bountiful, Kinghorn - purple-brown necrotic spots or rings (1-3 mm), not systemic.

Diagnostically insusceptible host species

Nicotiana glutinosa. Apple stem grooving capillovirus, but not apple chlorotic leafspot trichovirus causes Virginia Crab stem grooving symptoms in Malus.

Maintenance and propagation hosts

Chenopodium quinoa.

Assay hosts (Local lesions or Whole plants)

Chenopodium quinoa (L), Phaseolus vulgaris (L).

Susceptible host species

• Chenopodium amaranticolor
• Chenopodium quinoa
• Crataegus
• Cydonia oblonga (C7/1)
• Malus platycarpa
• Malus sylvestris
• Phaseolus vulgaris
• Prunus armeniaca
• Prunus domestica
• Prunus persica
• Prunus spinosa
• Pyronia veitchii
• Pyrus communis

Insusceptible host species

• Nicotiana glutinosa

Families containing susceptible hosts

• Chenopodiaceae (2/2)
• Leguminosae-Papilionoideae (1/1)
• Rosaceae (10/10)

Families containing insusceptible hosts

• Solanaceae (1/1)

Comments on host-range

For symptoms in other species and horticultural varieties of Malus and woody Rosaceae, see Luckwill and Campbell (1963); Cropley (1969); Sweet (1980).

Sources of host-range data

Barnett and Murant (1971); Cropley (1968); Lister et al. (1965); Nemec (1967); Saksena and Mink (1969); Sweet (1980).

Physical and biochemical properties

Properties of particles in sap

TIP: 52-55 °C (Lister et al., 1965). LIV: 1 days (at 20ºC), or 10 days (at 4ºC). DEP: log₁₀ minus 4. Leaf sap contains few virions. Electron microscopy: best stained with UA or UF; breakage occurs in PTA (Lister et al., 1965).

Purification method

De Sequeira and Lister (1969); Lister and Hadidi (1971).

Particle morphology

Virions filamentous; not enveloped; usually flexuous; with a clear modal length; of 720-740 nm; 12 nm wide. Axial canal obscure (laterally). Basic helix obvious; pitch of basic helix 3.8-3.9 nm.

Physical properties

One sedimenting component in purified preparations; sedimentation coefficient 96 S. Density 1.27 g cm^-3 in Cs₂SO₄ (Bar-Joseph et al., 1974).

Biochemical properties

Genome consists of RNA; single-stranded. Total genome size 7.555 kb. Genome unipartite; largest (or only) genome part 7.555 kb (Lister and Bar-Joseph, 1981; Bar-Joseph et al., 1979). Genomic nucleic acid isolated by Lister and Bar-Joseph, (1981); Bar-Joseph et al. (1974; 1979). 5´ terminus of RNA has a methylated nucleotide cap (probably). Poly A region present; 3´ terminus.

NCBI sequence data (Entrez search)

Sequence database accession code(s)

• D14996 Em(40)_vi:APC2165K Gb(84)_vi:APCCOMS Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, complete sequence. 2/94 7,552bp.
• M58152 Em(40)_vi:APCCG Gb(84)_vi:APCCG Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, complete genome. 8/91 7,555bp. 2 sequences.

Features of the genome

5 virus specified dsRNA species found in infected cells. Size of largest virus specified dsRNA 7.56 kbp (pairs); 2nd largest 6.5 kbp (pairs); 3rd largest 5.5 kbp (pairs).

Features of proteins

Virion protein(s) one (Lister and Bar-Joseph, 1981; Bar-Joseph et al., 1979); M_r 23500. Method of preparation: Chairez and Lister (1973); Bar-Joseph et al. (1979).

Virus-coded non-virion proteins isolated (Chairez and Lister (1973); Lister and Bar-Joseph (1981)); two proteins found. M_r c. 200000; polymerase module. M_r of 2nd largest 45000; movement protein, possibly.

Replication

Replication does not depend on a helper virus.

Cytopathology

Virions found in all parts of the host plant probably.

Taxonomy and relationships

Trichovirus (the type species)

Best tests for diagnosis

Virus identified by serological tests, electron microscopy, symptoms in Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor and Phaseolus vulgaris cvs Kinghorn, Pinto and Bountiful, and symptoms in graft infected Russian apple R-127407A.

Comments and References

General comments

The virus was originally considered a definitive closterovirus, then became a tentative closterovirus, but is now the type species of the Trichovirus genus (Martelli et al., 1994).

References

• Bar-Joseph, M., Garnsey, S.M. and Gonsalves, D. (1979). Adv. Virus Res. 25: 93.
• Cadman, C.H. (1963). Pl. Dis. Reptr 47: 459.
• Cropley, R. (1968). Ann. appl. Biol. 61: 361.
• Cropley, R. (1969). Comm. Bur. Hort. Pl. Crops. Tech. Commun. No. 30, Suppl. 2/3/4: 10.
• de Sequeira, O.A. and Lister, R.M. (1969). Phytopathology 59: 1740.
• Fritzsche, R. and Kegler, H. (1968). TagBer. dt. Akad. Landw. Berlin 97: 289.
• German, S., Candresse, T. Lanneau, M., Pernollet, J.C. and Dunez, J. (1990). Virology 179: 104.
• German, S., Candresse, T., Le Gall, O., Lanneau, M. and Dunez, J. (1992). J. gen. Virol. 73: 767.
• Lister, R.M. (1970). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 30, 4 pp.
• Lister, R.M., Bancroft, J.B. and Nadakavukaren, M.J. (1965). Phytopathology 55: 859.
• Lister, R.M. and Bar-Joseph, M. (1981). Closteroviruses. In: Handbook of Plant Virus Infections and Comparative Diagnosis, p. 809; ed. E. Kurstak. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press.
• Luckwill, L.C. and Campbell, A.I. (1963). Commonw. Bur. Hort. Pl. Crops. Tech. Commun. No. 30: 789.
• Martelli, G.P., Candresse, T. and Namba, S. (1994). Arch. Virol. 134: 451.
• Nemec, S. (1967). Pl. Dis. Reptr 51: 283.
• Okhi, S.T., Yoshikawa, N., Inouye, N., and Inouye, T. (1989). Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 55: 245.
• Saksena, K.N. and Mink, G.I. (1969). Phytopathology 59: 84.
• Sato, K., Yoshikawa, N. and Takahashi, T. (1993). J. gen. Virol. 74: 1927.
• Sweet, J.B. (1980). Ann. appl. Biol. 94: 83.

Cite this publication as: Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.) (1996 onwards). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20^th August 1996.' URL http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/

Dallwitz (1980) and Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993) should also be cited.