Plant Viruses Online   

Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database

Apple stem grooving capillovirus

Index

• Nomenclature
• Host range, transmission and symptoms
• Physical and biochemical properties
• Taxonomy and relationships
• Comments and References

Data collated by R.M. Lister, 1986.

Nomenclature

Synonyms

Virginia Crab stem grooving virus, chenopodium dark green epinasty virus, brown line disease virus.

Acronym

ASGV

Strains

apple latent virus Type 2 isolate C-431 (Lister et al., 1965); E-36.

ICTV decimal code

13.0.1.0.001

Host range and symptoms

Natural host range and symptoms

Symptoms in Virginia Crab apple persist.
• Malus sylvestris cv. Virginia Crab - stem grooves, abnormal graft union.

Transmission

Transmitted by means not involving a vector. Virus transmitted by mechanical inoculation (from apple, especially in spring, by inoculating extracts from buds, young leaves or petals ground in 0.05 M phosphate buffer, pH 7-8. Additives such as 2% (w/v) nicotine base or 2% (w/v) PVP or hide powder help but are not essential); transmitted by grafting; transmitted by seed (in Chenopodium quinoa).

Ecology and control

Studies reported by Mink and Shay (1962). The disease has been eliminated from some apple scions by heat therapy (30 days at 36ºC; de Sequeira and Posnette, 1969).

Geographical distribution

Probably distributed worldwide. Spreads in Australia, China, India, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Portugal, and the UK (probably occurs wherever apple trees are cultivated).

Experimental host range

Several (3-9) families susceptible. Experimentally infected plants mostly show chlorotic or necrotic local lesions, systemic mosaics or necrosis.

Diagnostically susceptible host species and symptoms

• Malus sylvestris cv. Virginia Crab - grooves in the wood. Strain `E-36' causes graft union to be brown, fragile, swollen and sunken areas on the stem.
• Chenopodium quinoa - etched necrotic local lesions, systemic chlorotic rings and mottle, tip malformed; some isolates induce epinasty.
• Nicotiana glutinosa - systemic yellow mosaic, line patterns.
• Phaseolus vulgaris - purple brown spots, chlorotic local lesions, systemic necrosis.

Maintenance and propagation hosts

Chenopodium quinoa - for propagation. Nicotiana glutinosa, Phaseolus vulgaris - for maintaining cultures.

Assay hosts (Local lesions or Whole plants)

Chenopodium quinoa (L), Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Pinto (L).

Susceptible host species

• Aizoaceae
• Amaranthaceae
• Chenopodiaceae
• Chenopodium quinoa
• Cucurbitaceae
• Fabaceae
• Lamiaceae
• Malus sylvestris
• Nicotiana glutinosa
• Phaseolus vulgaris
• Rosaceae
• Scrophulariaceae
• Solanaceae

Families containing susceptible hosts

• Aizoaceae
• Amaranthaceae
• Chenopodiaceae (1/1)
• Cucurbitaceae
• Labiatae
• Leguminosae-Papilionoideae (1/1)
• Rosaceae (1/1)
• Scrophulariaceae
• Solanaceae (1/1)

Comments on host-range

Reported to infect about 20 species, usually symptomlessly, in 9 dicotyledonous families: Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Rosaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae.

Sources of host-range data

Lister et al. (1965); de Sequeira (1967); Waterworth and Gilmer (1969); Lister et al. (1967); de Sequeira and Cropley (1968); de Sequeira and Posnette (1969); de Sequeira and Lister (1969b); Barnett and Murant (1971).

Physical and biochemical properties

Properties of particles in sap

TIP: 60-63 °C. LIV: 2 days. DEP: log₁₀ minus 4. Leaf sap contains few virions. Electron microscopy: best stained with UA or UF; breakage occurs in PTA (Lister et al., 1965; de Sequeira and Lister 1969b).

Purification method

Lister et al. (1965); de Sequeira and Lister (1969); Lister (1970).

Particle morphology

Virions filamentous; not enveloped; usually flexuous; with a clear modal length; of 600-700 nm; 12 nm wide. Axial canal obscure. Basic helix obvious; pitch of basic helix 3.4-3.7 nm (Lister and Bar-Joseph, 1981).

Physical properties

One sedimenting component in purified preparations; sedimentation coefficient 112 S. Isoelectric point pH 4.3 (ionic strength of 0.1).

Biochemical properties

Genome consists of RNA; single-stranded. Total genome size 6.5 kb. Genome unipartite. Poly A region present; 3´ terminus.

NCBI sequence data (Entrez search)

Sequence database accession code(s)

• D14995 Em(40)_vi:ASG241KP Gb(84)_vi:ASG241KP Apple stem grooving virus genome, complete sequence. 1/94 6,496bp.

Features of proteins

Virion protein(s) one; M_r 27000.

Virus-coded non-virion proteins isolated; two proteins found. M_r 240000; probably polymerase. M_r of 2nd largest 36000; possibly movement protein.

Cytopathology

Virions found in cambium, probably.

Taxonomy and relationships

Capillovirus

Virus(es) with serologically related virions

Potato virus T (Salazar and Harrison, 1977; 1978).

Virus(es) with serologically unrelated virions

Apple chlorotic leaf spot (Lister et al., 1965; de Sequeira, 1967). In cross-protection experiments in Virginia Crab apple the virus seemed to be unrelated to apple stem grooving virus (de Sequeira and Cropley, 1968).

Best tests for diagnosis

This virus is not transmitted to Solanum tuberosum, like potato virus T (Salazar and Harrison, 1978), nor to Nicotiana glutinosa like apple chlorotic leaf spot virus. Symptoms in Chenopodium quinoa, Phaseolus vulgaris, Russian apple R-12740-7A and Virginia Crab distinguish apple chlorotic leaf spot and apple stem grooving viruses (de Sequeira and Cropley, 1968; de Sequeira and Posnette, 1967). Chenopodium quinoa is best for isolating this virus because other apple viruses such as tobacco mosaic and apple chlorotic leaf spot virus replicates poorly in that species and their local lesions develop 2-3 days later. When both viruses are present, symptoms are much more severe.

Comments and References

References

• Bar-Joseph, M., Garnsey, S.M. and Gonsalves, D. (1979). Adv. Virus Res. 25: 93.
• de Sequeira, O.A. (1965). Zast. Bilja 16: 247.
• de Sequeira, O.A. (1967). Ann. appl. Biol. 60: 59.
• de Sequeira, O.A. and Cropley, R. (1968). TagBer. dt. Akad. Landw. Berlin 97: 35.
• de Sequeira, O.A. and Lister, R.M. (1969a). Phytopathology 59: 572.
• de Sequeira, O.A. and Lister, R.M. (1969b). Phytopathology 59: 1740.
• de Sequeira, O.A. and Posnette, A.F. (1969). Commonw. Bur. Hort. Pl. Crops. Tech. Commun. No. 30, Suppl. 2/3/4, 76a.
• Hull, R., Brown, F. and Payne, C. (1989). Directory and Dictionary of Animal, Bacterial and Plant Viruses, p. 76. MacMillan Reference Books, London.
• Lister, R.M. (1970). CMI/AAB Descr. Pl. Viruses No. 31, 4 pp.
• Lister, R.M., Bancroft, J.B. and Nadakavukaren, M.J. (1965). Phytopathology 55: 859.
• Lister, R.M., Bancroft, J.B. and Shay, J.R. (1967). Phytopathology 57: 819.
• Lister, R.M. and Bar-Joseph, M. (1981). Closteroviruses. In: Handbook of Plant Virus Infections and Comparative Diagnosis, p. 809; ed. E. Kurstak. Elsevier/North- Holland, Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.
• Ohki, S.T., Yoshikawa, N., Inouye, N. and Inouye, T. (1989). Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan 55: 245.
• Waterworth, H.E. and Gilmer, R.M. (1969). Phytopathology 59: 334
• Yoshikawa, N., Takahashi, T. (1988). J. gen. Virol. 69: 241.
• Yoshikawa, N. and Takahashi, T. (1992). J. gen. Virol. 73: 1313.
• Yoshikawa, N. Sasaki, E., Kato, M. and Takahashi, T. (1992). Virology 191: 98.

Cite this publication as: Brunt, A.A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M.J., Gibbs, A.J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E.J. (eds.) (1996 onwards). `Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database. Version: 20^th August 1996.' URL http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/

Dallwitz (1980) and Dallwitz, Paine and Zurcher (1993) should also be cited.